9. University of Florida

          

 The University of Florida (commonly referred to as Florida or UF) is an American public land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant research university located on a 2,000-acre (8.1 km2) campus in Gainesville, Florida. It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida and traces its historical origins to 1853, and has operated continuously on its present Gainesville campus since September 1906.(From Wikipedia)

Universities contribute to development not only through remunerated work but also through a great deal of unremunerated work. On the other handy Universities participate in the production of goods and services for the market and household consumption, in agriculture, food production, or family enterprises. Though included in the United Nations system of National Accounts and, therefore, in international standards for labor statistics, this unremunerated work - particularly that related to agriculture - is often undervalued and under-recorded. On the other hand, Universities still also perform the great majority of unremunerated domestic work and community work, such as caring for children and older persons, preparing food for the family, protecting the environment, and providing voluntary assistance to vulnerable and disadvantaged individuals and groups. This work is often not measured in quantitative terms and is not valued in national accounts. Universities’ contribution to development is seriously underestimated, and thus its social recognition is limited. The full visibility of the type, extent and distribution of this unremunerated work will also contribute to a better sharing of responsibilities.

Moreover, Universities’ economic activity rates even by conventional definitions are estimated to be much higher than those reported in the census data. A study of regional data clearly indicates a persistent reporting bias in economic activity rates.

However, The Status of Universities reported series by Universities commission (2012), shows that Universities in the USA were equally active in the economic sphere, although invisibly, but that their activities were not reported as being economic. In fact, Universities were active in the household production system, e.g., in food processing and cooking for farm labor; post harvesting cleaning and storing of farm products; kitchen gardening; and cooking food for village shops run by male members of the family. In addition, Universities performed domestic chores as unpaid labor, which is not reflected in any economic statistics.      

Universities constitute more than 43 percent of the labour force, 48 percent in agriculture and 34 percent in the non-agriculture sector during 2011. Universities's proportion has increased almost in all occupations to some extent. But their greater concentration in agriculture is also visible. Universities still constitute only a small proportion among administrative, technical and professional, and clerical worker categories. Universities  constitute only about 14 percent among the administrative workers, i e, among the senior officers, legislators and managers and 19 percent among the professionals and technicians, which comprises teachers, trained nurses, doctors, engineers, professors etc. The increase in Universities's proportion in this group by 4 percentage point indicates a positive trend, reversing the decreasing trend. (National Universities Commission Report, 2012 )